The 1920S Were An Influential Era In American History For

The 1920s were an influential era in American history for the development of women’s rights and ideals following World War I. The concept of the perfect housewife was being more widely rejected as women began to work outside the home, provide for themselves, and vote. It was a time in which young women could express themselves more freely than ever before. The drinking of alcohol and the smoking of cigarettes became more widely acceptable for females to do in public. Women would cut their hair short, wear revealing clothing, go out dancing in a suggestive manner, and act in more rebellious ways. In his novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the historical context of the stereotypical â€Å"new woman† to create his female characters. Each†¦show more content†¦She lured men into her trap, such as Tom and Gatsby, to build herself up and to achieve her lavish goals. She manipulated each of them into obeying her every command, both to get her way and to allow her t o have some power in a society otherwise wholly under male control. The only pleasure she gets out of life is in living a glamorous lifestyle surrounded by wealthy people and extravagant material goods. She has come to fully rely on the life built for her by Tom, the primary male figure in her life. This is proven when she chooses to stay with him even after he cheated on her for months and after she is reunited with Gatsby, the man she may have truly loved. She fears taking the risk of leaving her comfortable, lavish lifestyle. She is painstakingly aware of the blatant sexism that she faces, and she is quite pessimistic because of it. â€Å" She told me it was a girl, and so I turned my head away and wept. All right, I said, I m glad it s a girl. And I hope she ll be a fool – that s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool † (Fitzgerald, 17). Daisy is intelligent enough to realize how the society they live in values beauty far more than b rains in women. She conforms to this rigid societal expectation and attempts to live the carefree, unsuspecting life of the average young woman in the 1920s and avoids confrontational issues for the most part, such as her complex history with Gatsby. Her pessimism didShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between The 1920s And 1950s908 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920’s were a very important era in America for better or worse. There were many issues in relation to race and how people of different ethnic groups were treated. African American had a cultural rejuvenation that being the Harlem Renaissance. The advent of the Ford Model T change the way how people traveled. Many may say an era like the 1950’s were highly comparable. Race related issues were on a decline as America as whole sought to be more accepting and the oppressed started to speak out onRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance, A Cultural Movement Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesAlly Johnson November 13, 2016 African American History Art, Music, Literature†¦Freedom. The Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement that began in the 1920s and continued until the early 1930s, brought excitement and a new found freedom and voice to the African-Americans who had been silent and oppressed for far too long. â€Å"Centered on the Harlem district of New York City, the Harlem Renaissance was part of a nationwide urban revolution sparked by World War I. The cultural outburst, which followedRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Movement By Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, And Ralph Waldo Ellison931 Words   |  4 Pagesmost impactful movements on African American arts, the Harlem Renaissance Movement represented a period of artistic and intellectual change that initiated a new identity on black culture. Often called the â€Å"New Negro† Era, the Harlem Renaissance opened doors for African American to express themselves in the form of visual arts, musical elements, and even performing arts during the 1920s. Due to this movement, Harlem became the city tha t â€Å"gave African Americans a physical cultural center.† [1] RenownedRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby 1327 Words   |  6 PagesLivingston English III H Date: 11/7/2017 Dà ©cor From the 1920 s One of the major aspects of the 1920 s was dà ©cor. Art and decoration obtained a role in nearly everything during this time. From parties to everyday life dà ©cor was a very influential aspect during this time. Jesse James In the novel The Great Gatsby, readers are treated with many examples of artistic, decorative, and architectural design by Fitzgeralds excellent descriptions of the colorful environments and locations in theRead MoreMusic During The 1920 S1609 Words   |  7 PagesMusic in the 1920’s The Jazz Age was a cultural movement that took place in America during the 1920 s (also known as the Roaring Twenties) from which both jazz music and dance emerged. This movement matched with both the equally phenomenal introduction of mainstream radio and the conclusion of World War I. The 1920s was the decade that marked the beginning of the modern music era. Some of the popular music genres were Jazz, Dance Bands, Blues, and Broadway. The decade marked the beginning ofRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance And American History1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 1920’s, an era known as the Harlem Renaissance defined black culture and changed entertainment around the world. The black community used art such as music, literature, and paintings to express social freedom. Artist such as Jacob Lawrence, Langston Hughes, and Duke Ellington used their art as a form of therapy and communication to share the life of an African American in White America. This phenomenon created culture pride wit hin the community. Their art is significant to American history becauseRead MoreEducation During The Industrialization Era Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesEducation During the Urbanization Era The Urbanization Era in American history, 1870-1900, was a time for growth in America. During this era, industry grew in the country. Big changes occurred in technology, big business, large scale agricultural, and much more. Industries were growing and big businesses were booming. All of this was causing growth of population in the cities in the America. This all fueled the economic growth of the country (The Development of the Industrial United States (1870-1900)Read MoreJazz Influences on the 20th Century1158 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence on the 20th Century Jazz is considered one of the most influential types of music in American history. Some of the greatest artists in the world have contributed to the success jazz has had not only on American history, but throughout the world. Jazz music has come to serve as the base of many music styles in the United States. This paper will explain the history of jazz, where it all came from, and the effect it has had on the American culture in the 20th century. To start off, MeltingpotRead MoreThe Racing Twenties Essays1155 Words   |  5 PagesWhile automobile racing is a sport that is firmly ingrained in American culture now, it wasnt always the mature sport we see today. The motorsport that tests a drivers precision, reflexes, and car is only around 110 years old. There is a decade in racing history that many NASCAR fans never think about, and that is the Roaring Twenties. The 1920s really laid the groundwork for the fierce competition seen in the 1930s with innovation in car technology, skilled racing teams, and new championshipRead MoreThe Ku Klux Klan. Cody Weber : Honors American History Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesHonors American History Period 8 The Ku Klux Klan took a stand against equal rights for African Americans in a negative and racial manner by assaulting and abusing them. By doing this, the KKK wanted to make them feel like a lesser race. The KKK was founded in 1865 by six college students in the small town of Pulaski, Tennessee. The fore fathers of the Klan were John Lester, James Crowe, John Kennedy, Calvin Jones, Richard Reed, and Frank McCord. These men were Confederate veterans, were well-educated

Commercial Vehicle Market in India Free Essays

string(188) " The small operators are involved mainly in the physical movement of goods and depend on brokers and other fleet operators who in turn depend on the booking agents for obtaining business\." 2010 Commercial Vehicle Market in India-Industry Report Commercial Vehicle Market in India-Industry Report Table of Contents Executive Summary3 Usage Segment6 Market share amp; Competition Situation8 Key Opportunities14 Key Success factors15 Financial Analysis17 Regulatory Advantage amp; legal frameworks22 Recent Mergers amp; Acquisitions26 Industry SWOT27 Market forecast with Macroeconomic assumptions28 PEST Analysis30 Annexure32 List of Industry Associations32 Executive Summary India being the second most populated and seventh largest nation in the world provides a vast and untapped market for automobile giants. The de-licensing in 1991 provided the well-deserved growth essentials, which attracted international automobile majors to set up their production facilities in the country to take advantage of various facilities available. According to my research, the economic slowdown has had moderate negative effects on commercial vehicle market. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial Vehicle Market in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The slowdown of commercial activities in infrastructure, construction, manufacturing and other sectors resulted in sluggish demand for commercial vehicles. However, in 2009-10, the commercial vehicle segment regained its growth momentum, both in terms of production and sales, on the strong fundamentals of recuperating demand from almost all prominent sectors. Especially, passenger carriers registered notable sales momentum and boosted the overall commercial vehicle development outlook. In coming years, rapid expansion of cities to suburban areas will also create more demand for mass transportation vehicles in the country. It is expected that a major part of India will be well connected by 2013-14, which will fuel the demand for commercial passenger carriers in the country. Keeping this in mind, we have projected the sales of commercial passenger carriers to register nearly 13% CAGR between 2010-11 and 2013-14. On utility vehicle front, the country posted one of the fastest year-on-year production growths in 2009-10. In 2008-09, manufacturers were forced to halt their production capacity amid falling domestic and export demand for utility vehicles. Consequently, the production saw a massive 11% drop in the same year. With recovering vehicle demand from schools, corporates and public sector organizations, the production grew strongly at the rate of 24. % in 2009-10. We anticipate this trend to continue in coming years also, thus enabling the country to become a dominant utility vehicle player in global arena. This report is an outcome of extensive research and objective analysis on Utility Vehicle, Multipurpose Vehicle and Commercial Vehicle markets in India. The report provides detailed data and statistics on production, sales and export trends for each of the abovementioned market segment. It studies all the past and present trends prevailing in the market to give the future market outlook. Industry in India ————————————————- KEY POINTS 1. ————————————————- Automobile production and sales went up in 2007-08 as compared to 2002-03. 2. ————————————————- They reached a peak in 2009-10 3. ————————————————- Sales of commercial vehicles are growing day by day due to the growing construction industry and commercial developments and many other conditions such as growing urbanization. ———————————————— ———â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- KEY POINTS 4. ————————————————- Automobile production and sales went up in 2007-08 as compared to 2002-03. 5. ————————————————- They reached a peak in 2009-10 6. ————————————————- Sales of commercial vehicles are growing day by day due to the growing construction industry and commercial developments and many other conditions such as growing urbanization. ———————————————— High economic growth of India has worked wonders for most of its industri es. With advantages like low labor costs, easy availability of raw materials and well qualified employees, India has established many industries thereby marking the beginning of an era of rapid industrialization. This has led to the increase in employment rate and income levels, giving rise to a more affluent middle class in the country, which serves as an active consumer base for most of the industries, including the automobile industry. India opened its automobile industry to global players with the de-licensing of the industry in 1991. As a result, automobile production and sales went up strongly in 2007-08 from 2002-03 levels. Even amid global economic slowdown, the industry was able to sustain its positive growth momentum. Moreover, in 2009-10 automobile production and sales surged phenomenally and India emerged as a potential competitor of the largest automobile markets such as China and Japan. Sales of commercial vehicles, particularly light commercial goods carriers are touching new heights, both in domestic and export markets. The growing construction industry and commercial developments have opened new vistas for light commercial goods carriers. But medium and heavy commercial vehicles will also see high demand in the domestic market due to infrastructure development like hydro power projects, port development and mining industry. Commercial passenger vehicles will also hit the peak due to increasing urbanization and growing need to commute from rural and sub-urban areas to industrial areas for work. All these are creating suitable conditions for India to emerge as an automobile production hub in the future. The sectors which have major contribution in LCV sales in the country are expected to see sustained capital expenditure in coming years. For instance, the organized retail sector which is growing at an annual pace of 30% is highly untapped and the players are planning to aggressively increase their presence in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. This will further boost the demand of commercial vehicles as they are largely deployed in redistribution of consumption goods. Usage Segment * Transport operators: This segment includes all fleet operators and owner-operators. There are around 200,000 road transport operators in India. However, most of them are small owner-driven firms. Road freight transportation is highly fragmented with the truck operators owning less than five trucks estimated to account for over 75% of the truck fleet. It is estimated that 77% of truck fleet is under operators who own 5 trucks or less; 10% belonged to those with 6-10 trucks; 4% belonged to those with 11-15 trucks; 3% belonged to those with 16-20 trucks; and only 4% of fleet belonged to those with more than 20 trucks. Thus, the industry is characterised by intense competition. The high competition is the result of relatively lower capital requirement, ease of obtaining driving licenses and permits. The small operators are involved mainly in the physical movement of goods and depend on brokers and other fleet operators who in turn depend on the booking agents for obtaining business. You read "Commercial Vehicle Market in India" in category "Papers" These operators do not have the geographical reach and necessary infrastructure to tap business on a continuous basis, and thus rely on brokers. Fleet operators are the medium and large, organised-sector players in the transportation industry. The arge fleet operators are small in number, and generally operate throughout the country. These fleet operators primarily work on a hub and spoke model. The hub and spoke distribution system enables optimisation of costs and higher revenues for the transport companies/ fleet operators. These transport companies generally have formal contracts with the users, which is very rare in the case of small operators. Some larger fleet operators have ventured into offering value-added services such as courier and express cargo business and providing third party logistic services. Companies: This segment accounts for a small proportion of CV sales. Some companies located in industrial areas use these vehicles primarily for employee and material transportation while a few companies use them for secondary distribution of the goods from warehouses to distributors, such as wholesalers and retailers. * Government organisations: The vehicle purchases made by municipal authorities, State transport undertakings, and various other Government departments primarily include LCVs and special application vehicles. Private bus operators: There has been a significant increase in the number of private bus operators in the country as State transport undertakings have proved inadequate in meeting the increasing demand for transportation. These vehicles are used as passenger carr iers or chartered buses. ————————————————- ————————————————- Key points ————————————————- ————————————————- Key points ————————————————- Zzzzzzzzzz ————————————————- Yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ———————————————— Key points â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Zzzzzzzzzz ————————————————- Yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ————————————————- Key points Market Structure amp; Segmentation ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- Enter key points: The commercial vehicle market can be divided into four segments: 1. Segment A-High performance and image sensitive- The consumers in segment A are brand conscious and are willing to pay any price for that brand. But, they usually don’t compromise on quality. However, that doesn’t means they are loyal to one brand. To target such type of consumers, companies have to concentrate on performance as the main criteria. 2. Segment B-Balanced perspective-The consumers in segment B are the most difficult ones to please. They want both price and performance rolled into one product. To target such type of consumers, companies have to concentrate on delivering high performance at the best prices. Hence, they have to keep their operating costs to a minimum. 3. Segment C-ROI and quick payback period sensitive- . Segment D-Extremely price sensitive-The consumers in segment D want a product at an economical price and for this, they are ready to compromise on performance if they are offered a good price. To target such type of consumers, companies have to design products keeping costs at a minimum even if that means a medium or low performance but the main criteria is that price should be the best in the industry. Market share amp; Competition Situation The following are the main players in the Production of Commercial Vehicles in India; * Ashok Leyland Ltd. * Hindustan Motors Ltd. * Telco Force motors Ltd. ( Previously known as Bajaj Tempo Ltd) * Eicher Motors Ltd. * Mahindra amp; Mahindra Ltd. * Swaraj Mazda Ltd. * Tata Motors * Ashok Leyland Ashok Leyland Ashok Leyland is one of the biggest players in the Production of Commercial Vehicles in India. Ashok Leyland is one of the oldest automotive company of India. It was set up in 1948 in Madras (now called Chennai) to assemble Austin cars. How ever, the company’s future changed after British Leyland made equity participation. Hence the company became Ashok Leyland in 1955 and started the Production of Commercial Vehicles. They offer a wide range of in Heavy and Light Commercial Vehicles varying from buses, trucks, engines to special application vehicles. They were the first company in the history of Indian to win the ISO 9002 Certification in 1993. Again it became the first Indian company to receive ISO/TS 16949 Corporate Certification. Their global ambition is very simple, it is; Global Standards, Global Markets. Hindustan Motors Ltd Hindustan Motors Ltd is one of the oldest car manufacturing company of India. It was founded in 1942. It manufactures a wide range of vehicles from cars to trucks to school buses to trekker to porter. However, it is more popular for one of its particular car model called the Ambassador. But, at the same time it does manufacture a lot of Commercial Vehicles as well. It was one of the leading players in cars till the early 80’s but could not maintain its position after globalization came into effect and the markets were opened. It has its manufacturing plants in Uttarpara- West Bengal, Pithampur- Madhya Pradesh, Thiruvallur- Tamil Nadu and Hosur- Tamil Nadu. Telco Telco deals with Heavy Commercial Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Multi-Utility Vehicles etc. Telco was set up in 1945 to manufacture steam locomotives. Now it’s the largest private sector company in Commercial Vehicle manufacturing. The four manufacturing plants of Telco are located in Jamshedpur in Jharkand, Pimpri and Chinchwad in Pune ( Maharashtra) and Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh. It has a market share of 31. 2% in Multi Utility Vehicle Segment. Force motors Ltd. (Previously known as Bajaj Tempo Ltd) Force motors Ltd. (Previously known as Bajaj Tempo Ltd) is a promising company in the Commercial Vehicle segment. The company is now working on the project of introducing state-of-the-art range of trucks. The company has different technological collaboration with many international giants. Hence, it has an upper edge with new and modern technology. They are also working on eco friendly CNG bus engines. They are the only company to have a full range of Commercial Load carrying vehicles. Eicher Motors Ltd. Eicher Motors Ltd. deals with the manufacturing of Commercial Vehicles. They mainly deal with buses, trucks and chassis. These products comply with all the specifications of BS II norms. Its CNG Technology is also known to be the very best in the market. Mahindra ;amp; Mahindra Ltd. Mahindra ;amp; Mahindra Ltd. has a hugh Indian market with Multi Utility Vehicles. It was originally set up in 1945 to cater to general purpose utility vehicles. However, today it is one of the top five manufacturers of tractors in the world. Swaraj Mazda Ltd. Swaraj Mazda Ltd. deals with the manufacturing of Light Commercial Vehicles. They mostly manufacture buses, trucks, police personnel carrier, ambulance, water tankers and special vehicles. The company was formed in 1983 and production started from 1985. Tata Motors Tata Motors is one of the most important fore runners of the Indian automobile industry. They believe in focus and state-of-the-art facilities. They probably have the best infrastructure required for the assurance of manufacturing quality vehicles. They deal with M;amp;H Commercial Vehicles, Intermediate Commercial Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Small Commercial Vehicles, Utility Vehicles Etc. In the Commercial Vehicles segment, they mostly manufacture buses and trucks. They even have a good range of passenger vehicles as well. Market Share of Major Players: The Commercial Vehicle Market is divided into following categories: 1. Light Commercial Vehicles 2. Heavy Commercial Vehicles 3. Medium Commercial Vehicles Table 1-Market share of different players in commercial vehicle industry Type of Vehicle| TATA| Ashok Leyland| Mahindra| Eicher Motors| Force Motors| Swaraj Mazda| HindustanMotors| Volvo| Tatra| Trucks| 64%| 24%| -| 8%| -| 3%| -| ;lt;1%| ;lt;1%| Buses| 40%| 30%| 7%| 5%| 10%| 6%| 1%| 1%| -| Temposand Lorries| 59%| ;lt;1%| 32%| 4%| 3%| 3%| ;lt;1%| -| -| In the MHCV goods carrier segment, TML is the market leader with a 68% share in 9MFY2010, which represents a sharp increase from 63% in FY2008. While new players have entered the MHCV segment, some of them have limited their presence to niche segments—e. . VIL in the higher tonnage RV and HT segment; Tatra in the higher tonnage RV segment. Although the competitive intensity has increased with the entry of new players, TML and ALL continue to dominate on account of established product performance, strong brands and customer support, wide servicing network and availability of spares (ease of servicing). A lthough TML and ALL dominate nearly all sub-segments in MHCV goods carriers market, EML has a strong presence in the 7. 5-12 tonnes segment, with a market share of 39% in 9MFY2010. However, while EML’s market share in the 7. -12 tonnes segment has declined from 53% in FY2003, TML’s market share has increased from 27% to 47% in 9MFY2010. ————————————————- Enter key points ————————————————- Enter key points Key Drivers 1. Strong economic growth- A revival of economic reforms and better economic policy in first decade of the 21st century accelerated India’s economic growth rate. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India expanded at an annual rate of 8. 80 percent in the last reported quarter. From 2004 until 2010, India’s average quarterl y GDP Growth was 8. 37 percent reaching an historical high of 10. 0 percent in September of 2006 and a record low of 5. 50 percent in December of 2004. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. In recent years, Indian cities have continued to liberalize business regulations. By 2008, India had established itself as the world’s second-fastest growing major economy. Economists predict that by 2020, India will be among the leading economies of the world. According to the BRIC report, published by Goldman Sachs, India will be the second largest economy after China by 2043. . Robust industrial growth -The industrial sector is one of the main sectors that contribute to the Indian GDP. The country ranks fourteenth in the factory output in the world. The industrial sector is made up of manufacturing, mining and quarrying, and electricity, water supply, and gas sectors. The industrial sector accounts for around 27. 6% of the India GDP and it employs over 17% of the total workforce in the country. 3. Low interest rates –Although the interest rate has been a little high this year, it has been around 6. 0% on an average for the past 5 years which has boosted trade. 4. Road and Infrastructure development -The most distinct part of India’s physical infrastructure development in recent years is the development of road network across the country; per sq. km. of surface area in India is now endowed with one km of roadways. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to 3. 34 million km. The country’s road network consists of Expressways, National Highways, State Highways, Major District Roads, Other District Roads and Village Roads. The road network, as on December 2007, comprises 66,590 km of National Highways, 128,000 km of State Highways, 470,000 km of Major District Roads and about 2. 65 million km of other District and Rural Roads. The National Highways Development Project (NHDP), the largest highway project ever undertaken by the country, is being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). NHDP Phase I ;amp; II envisage 4/6 laning of about 14,279 km of National Highways, at a total estimated cost of Rs. 650 million (at 2004 prices). These two phases 109 comprise of Golden Quadrilateral (GQ), North-South and East-West Corridors, Port Connectivity and other projects. The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ-5,846 km) connects the four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The North-South and East-West Corridors (NS-EW-7,300 km) connect Srinagar in the North to Kanyakumari in the South, including spur from Salem to Kochi and Silchar in the East to Porbandar in the West. 5. Good Agricultural production -Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and logging accounted for 16. % of the GDP in 2007, employed 52% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. India is the largest producer in the world of fresh fruit, anise, fennel, badian, coriander, tropical fresh fruit, jute, pigeon peas, pulses, spices, millets, cast or oil seed, sesame seeds, safflower seeds, lemons, limes, cow’s milk, dry chillies and peppers, chick peas, cashew nuts, okra, ginger, turmeric guavas, mangoes, goat milk and buffalo milk and meat. It also has the world’s largest cattle population (281 million). It is the second largest producer of cashews, cabbages, cotton seed and lint, fresh vegetables, garlic, egg plant, goat meat, silk, nutmeg. mace, cardamom, onions, wheat, rice, sugarcane, lentil, dry beans, groundnut, tea, green peas, cauliflowers, potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, gourds and inland fish. It is the third largest producer of tobacco, sorghum, rapeseed, coconuts, hen’s eggs and tomatoes. India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first rank in the production of mangoes, papaya, banana and sapota. 6. Good replacement demand- There has been good replacement demand recently for commercial vehicles. Decisions about replacing vehicles are relatively complicated: people compare the transportation services they get from their present vehicle and the costs associated with running it, with the services they could get from another vehicle, given the costs of buying and selling vehicles and of running the new one. Replacement decisions are also affected by developments in the used-vehicle market: when people replace vehicles, they may buy either new or used, and they very often sell a vehicle on the used-vehicle market when they acquire another. Thus, although only production and sales of new vehicles affect the industry’s contribution to GDP, demand for new vehicles is influenced by prices, quantities, and qualities in the used-vehicle market. Key Challenges / Barriers 1. Increasing Competition and WTO Regime 2. Cyclicality of businesses 3. Increasing Customisation and Application Profileration-While the earlier paradigm aimed at meeting the needs of segments of consumers, the new paradigm treats every customer as unique. The development of technology has made it possible to address the needs of individual customers, the day may not be very far off when a customer wanting to buy a toilet soap may have to put his/her hand into a scanner which will sense the skin complexion and pop out a pouch of liquid soap that is ideally formulated to suit his/her skin. Also, innovation is more than creativity; it is the commercial realization of creativity. Consumers like what they have but also crave change. The word â€Å"New, Improved, Better† can influence the customer preference. Innovation is the life blood of Marketing. Creative ideas are valuable but the greater part is harnessing them to profitable productive change. 4. Competition from alternative modes- The alternative modes of transport are the telecom, air and port services. These services have grown exponentially as compared to the traditional commercial vehicle sector. Container port traffic has increased from less than a million in 1991 to about 5 million in 2005 with an annual growth rate of about 266 percent since 1991. Also, the increase in air freight and air transport has been around 15% whereas the increase in fixed line and mobile phone subscribers has been around 150% from 1991-2005. 5. Stiff Emission and other Regulatory Changes- The emission norms have become really strict these days. From the earlier emission norms of Euro 3 in metro cities and Euro 2 in rest of the country, the automobile companies have to ensure that the automobiles produced in or after 2009-10 adhere to Euro 4 in metro cities and Euro 3 in rest of the country. 6. Operating Cost Pressures 7. Increased Customer Awareness- In the 21st century, the customer has become very aware due to the various sources of information available to him. Now, it is very difficult to fool the customer as he can get the full information with the click of a button. Hence, companies have to keep the customer needs in mind while designing a product. 8. Accelerated Technology upgradation requirements and other change needs Key Opportunities Enter key points Enter key points †¢ Vibrant Indian Economy †¢ Automotive Industry showing double digit growth in all segments †¢ Growing engineering and IT capability for manufacturing Auto Component Industry :Culturally compatible-Quality, Experience and Values Key Success factors * Ability to enhance and vary product mix – A diverse and broad product mix enables a manufacturer to serve a wide variety of transportation solutions across different load levels. * Sales and distribution service network * Balance between outsourcing and in-h ouse production * Quality: A company must have good quality product to gain a customer trust. This would also help in building long term relationship with the consumer and also gain viral marketing. Environment: A company need to adapt to the surrounding environment and must act in a way to improve and sustain environment around it. ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ————————————————- 2 ————————————————- 3 ——————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ————————————————- 2 ————————————————- 3 Enter key points Enter key points Market Entry Strategy * Collaboration for Manufacturing Excellence and Process Design * Production Sharing in India amp; Europe for a Holistic Service Capability * Partnering for Global Requirements * Merger amp; Acquisition * Establish JV ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ————————————————- 2 ————————————————- 3 ————————————————- Enter key points: ——————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 1 ———————————————— 2 ————————————————- 3 Financial Analysis Commercial Vehicles- Recent Trends During FY2004-07, CV sales volumes growth in the domestic market had been healthy led by buoyant economic activity, easy access to finance, entry of new truck financing companies, increased momentum in highway construction, better operating economics of new trucks, and a Supreme Court (SC) order prohibiting overloading of trucks. However, continued hardening of interest rates and a slowdown in economic activity has impacted CV sales volumes since FY2008. Since mid-2008, domestic CV sales volumes have declined significantly because of an economic slowdown, slowdown in index of industrial production (IIP), tighter credit conditions and constraints in the availability of vehicle finance from banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs). Though in-house vehicle financing of major manufacturers has increased, the additional credit flow was unable to fully offset the decrease in credit availability from outside sources. As compared with a year on year (yoy) growth of 9. 2% in Q1FY2009, domestic CV sales declined 1. 8% (yoy) during Q2FY2009, and by a sharp rate of 47. % (yoy) in Q3FY2009, and 35. 7% (yoy) in Q4FY2009. The rate of decline was lower at 12. 1% (yoy) in Q1FY2010 primarily because of 16% (yoy) growth in LCV segment. A significant proportion of trucks are purchased by small truck operators in the unorganised sector, who may have to pay a relatively higher rate of interest as compared with large-fleet operators, and are more vu lnerable to interest rate fluctuations and slowdown in economic activity. Production: The Indian automobile sector, described as the sun rise sector, had been growing at a healthy double digit rate till 2006-07. However, it witnessed a downturn during the later half of 2007-08 and 2008-09 due to global economic slowdown. To tide over the situation, the Government of India took immediate remedial action and announced three stimulus packages. As a result of this, the overall position has improved since July, 2009 onwards. In the year 2008-09 the industry witnessed a modest growth in production at 2. 96% over 2007-08. In the year 2009-10 (April 2009 to December, 2009), passenger vehicle segment, two-wheeler segment, three-wheeler segment and commercial vehicle segment have all recorded a growth of 24. 55%, 19. 0%, 16. 04% and 15. 10% respectively over the corresponding period last year (CLPY). The details of actual production of various automobile segments during the year 2006-07 to 2009-10 (upto December, 2009) are given below: ————————————————- [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] ————————————————- [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] Automobile Production Trends: Segment| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| Passenger Vehicles| 1,545,223| 1,777,583| 1,838,593| 2,351,240| Commercial Vehicles| 519,282| 549,006| 416,870| 566,608| Three Wheelers| 556,126| 500,660| 497,020| 619,093| Two Wheelers| 8,466,666| 8,026,681| 8,419,792| 10,512,889| Total| 11,087,997| 10,853,930| 11,172,275| 14,049,830| Table 2-Automobile Production Trends Exports: The period from April-December 2009 saw growth in automobile exports sliding sharply to 10. 4% (yoy) with deceleration in almost all segments. Although CV exports declined 14. 6% (yoy) in 9MFY2010, the decline was lower than the decline of 28% (yoy) in FY2009. CVs and 3Ws segments recorded declines of 14. 6% (yoy) and 1. 9% (yoy) respectively during 9MFY2010. Although exports of 4Ws increased at a high rate of 30% (yoy) in 9MFY2010, this represented a decline from the high rate of 54% in FY2009. 2W export growth slid from 22. 5% (yoy) in FY2009 to 7. % (yoy) in 9MFY2010 attributable to a sharp decline in growth of motorcycle exports. Although export growth has decelerated sharply in 9MFY2010, there has been a recovery in Q3FY2010 attributable partly to the base effect. The key reason for the decline in export growth was the fall in auto sales especially the CVs in the major destination markets of Asia, Africa, US, and Europe. Automobile Exports Trends Segment| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008- 09| 2009-10| Passenger Vehicles| 198,452| 218,401| 335,729| 446,146| Commercial Vehicles| 49,537| 58,994| 42,625| 45,007| Three Wheelers| 143,896| 141,225| 148,066| 173,282| Two Wheelers| 619,644| 819,713| 1,004,174| 1,140,184| Total| 1,011,529| 1,238,333| 1,530,594| 1,804,619| Table 3-Automobile Exports Trends Figure 1-Monthly Exports of Commercial Vehicles The exports of CVs which were growing till FY2008, registered a decline in early FY2009, though there was minor recovery in Q2FY2009, due to the growth in LCVs exports but that was also short-lived. The rate of decline was lower in Q2FY2010, and subsequently CV exports increased 50% (yoy) in Q3FY2010. However, this was largely due to the base effect. CVs segment was the worst hit by the economic downturn in the American and European countries, but the decline after peaking in Q3FY2009, has been showing some signs of recovery. Evidence for the US and Canada suggests that the sharp reduction in CV sales since mid-2008 has been magnified by the lack of access to credit, leading many firms to postpone their CV purchases. This implies that continued improvement in financial market conditions could provide an impetus to CV sales. Domestic Sales: Overall production growth declined from 0% (yoy) in Q2FY2009 to sharp declines of 50. % (yoy) in Q3FY2009, and 43. 5% (yoy) in Q4FY2009. However, production declined at a lower rate of 19. 5% (yoy) in Q1FY2010, because of recovery in LCV production. MHCV production continued to decline at a high, albeit lower rate through Q2FY2010. Overall CV production actually increased 4. 4% (yoy) in Q2FY2010, followed by an exceptionally high increase of 95. 4% (yoy) in Q3FY2010, albeit on a low base. Domes tic MHCV sales increased at a 3-year CAGR of 10. 4% to 270,994 units during FY2008, followed by sharp declines thereafter till Q1FY2010. The less than 3. tonnes category is the largest segment, accounting for 84% of domestic goods LCV sales in 9MFY2010. This segment has reported very high growth rate during FY2005-08, primarily because of the superior price-performance ratio, and the launch of ACE by Tata Motors Ltd. (TML). The LCV segment is dominated by TML and the high growth in goods carrier segment during the last few years has been driven by the launch of Tata Motors’ 207DI (a 2-tonne pick-up vehicle), which enabled the company to strengthen its presence in this segment. During FY2006-07, growth was driven by the launch by TML of a mini-truck—the TATA ACE (with a GVW of 1. 5 tonnes). Since FY2006, the demand growth for this LCV goods carrier has been higher than other sub-segments, driven by the trend of increase in consumption of consumer goods and durables in s maller cities/towns and restrictions on goods movement by bigger vehicles in metros/bigger cities especially during daytime. The increasing popularity of the lower tonnage LCVs can be attributed to the increasing distribution of goods inside Indian towns and villages that need small vehicles because of disaggregated nature of freight generation and narrow roads. The increasing popularity of door-to-door service has contributed to the growth of LCVs in the recent past. As these vehicles have relatively lower acquisition costs, the fleet operators may prefer them to carry small cargo. The corporates not only look for speedy, reliable, door- to- door services, but also for a complete logistic solution that minimises the costs of transport, logistics and inventory. With the share of the high value consumer goods (which call for timely transportation and better handling) increasing, lower tonnage LCVs are expected to witness higher growth in the medium-term. Automobile Domestic Sales Trends Table 4 –Automobile Domestic Sales Trends Segment| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| Passenger Vehicles| 1,379,979| 1,549,882| 1,552,703| 1,949,776| Commercial Vehicles| 467,765| 490,494| 384,194| 531,395| Three Wheelers| 403,910| 360,781| 349,727| 440,368| Two Wheelers| 7,872,334| 7,249,278| 7,437,619| 9,371,231| Total| 10,123,988| 9,654,435| 9,724,243| 12,292,770| Figure 2-Monthly Domestic Sales of Commercial Vehicles Regulatory Advantage amp; legal frameworks In India the Rules and Regulations related to driving license, registration of motor vehicles, control of traffic, construction amp; maintenance of motor vehicles etc are governed by the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (MVA) and the Central Motor Vehicles rules 1989 (CMVR). The Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport amp; Highways (MoSRTamp;H) acts as a nodal agency for formulation and implementation of various provisions of the Motor Vehicle Act and CMVR. Figure 4 –Regulatory Framework of Indian Automobile Industry In order to involve all stake holders in regulation formulation, MoSRTamp;H has constituted two Committees to deliberate and advise Ministry on issues relating to Safety and Emission Regulations, namely – * CMVR- Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC) * Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission Legislation (SCOE) CMVR- Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC) – This Committee advises MoSRTamp;H on various technical aspects related to CMVR. This Committee has representatives from various organisations namely; Ministry of Heavy Industries amp; Public Enterprises (MoHIamp;PE)), MoSRTamp;H, Bureau Indian Standards (BIS), Testing Agencies such as Automotive Research of India (ARAI), Vehicle Research Development amp; Establishment (VRDE), Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT), industry representatives from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), Automotive Component Manufacturers Association (ACMA) and Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) and representatives from State Transport Departments. Major functions the Committee are: To provide technical clarification and interpretation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing, to MoRTamp;H, as and when so desired. * To recommend to the Government the International/ foreign standards which can be used in lieu of standard notified under the CMVR permit use of components/parts/assemblies complying with such standards. * To make recommendations on any other technical issues which have direct relevance in implementation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules. * To make recommendations on the new safety standards of various components for notification and implementation under Central Motor Vehicles Rules. To make recommendations on lead time for implementation of such safety standards. * To recommend amendment of Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing keeping in view of Changes in automobile technologies. CMVR-TSC is assisted by another Committee called the Automobile Industry Standards Committee (AISC) having members from various stakeholders in drafting the technical standards related to Safety. The major functions of the committee are as follows: * Preparation of new standards for automotive items related to safety. * To review and recommend amendments to the existing standards. Recommend adoption of such standards to CMVR Technical Standing Committee * Recommend commissioning of testing facilities at appropriat e stages. * Recommend the necessary funding of such facilities to the CMVR Technical Standing Committee, and * Advise CMVR Technical Standing Committee on any other issues referred to it The National Standards for Automotive Industry are prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The standards formulated by AISC are also converted into Indian Standards by BIS. The standards formulated by both BIS and AISC are considered by CMVR-TSC for implementation. Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission Legislation (SCOE) – This Committee deliberates the issues related to implementation of emission regulation. Major functions of this Committee are – * To discuss the future emission norms * To recommend norms for in-use vehicles to MoSRTamp;H * To finalise the test procedures and the implementation strategy for emission norms * Advise MoSRTamp;H on any issue relating to implementation of emission regulations. Based on the recommendations from CMVR-TSC and SCOE, MoSRTamp;H issues notification for necessary amendments / modifications in the in Central Motor Vehicle Rules. In addition, the other Ministries like Ministry of Environment amp; Forest (MoEF), Ministry of Petroleum amp; Natural Gas (MoPNG) and Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources are also involved in formulation of regulations relating to Emissions, Noise, Fuels and Alternative Fuel vehicles. Tax Structure 1. State VAT Rate and Classification of goods Uniform rate structure across the country helps in avoiding diversion of trade from one State to another, checks unhealthy competition and reduces tax evasion. It helps automobile industry to plan and commit long term investments. Basic rationale needs to be developed for generation of revenue from industrial products. This should be long term and the share of taxation in the total value of the ultimate customer needs to be defined. SIAM recommends such a policy in taxing goods and services under VAT. Total taxes from both Centre and State as proposed by SIAM not to exceed 25%. Considering Cenvat at 16%, Designated rate should not exceed 9%. The classification of goods should be aligned to central taxes to reduce litigation. Uniform classification across all States and central taxes would create favourable environment for growth of industry. No separate classification of Capital Goods 2. Multiple levies and Industrial input One of the stated objectives of VAT is to reduce multiple levies. Number of rates under VAT should be 0%, 4% amp; RNR in addition to 1% on precious metal and 20% on petroleum products. All other levies like Octroi, Entry Tax should be abolished. Inputs used in the manufacturing should be taxed at 4% against issue of declaration. There should not be any specific list of industrial input, as it will deprive the benefit to the industry using input other than the one mentioned in the list. Reduced rate on industrial input will avoid refund problem and avoid unnecessary interaction with the Department. Further when interstate transactions are zero rated, manufacturer selling predominantly in interstate ends up having huge input tax credit without set-off. Automobile manufacturers having one manufacturing facility in the country sells more than 80% of the production outside the Sate and forced to seek refund from the State Government for excess input tax credit. SIAM suggests VAT rate of 4% on all industrial input to mitigate the refund issue. 3. Set-off mechanism Set-off of tax paid should be allowed for all inputs including raw material, components, consumables, fuel and capital goods. Tax paid on services should be allowed to be set-off. Tax paid on capital goods should be allowed as set-off in full in the same year to avoid confusion and litigation later. 4. Interstate transactions All interstate transactions should be at zero rate. Further automobile manufacturers ‘Stock Transfer’ goods by setting up huge facilities to strengthen distribution net work in order to reach the product to the customer at the earliest and at least cost. This mechanism should not be affected even under VAT. 5. Sales Tax Incentives Automobile manufacturers have made huge investments, which are in phases in unviable locations. These locational disadvantages are partially offset by fiscal incentives. Any detrimental variations or withdrawal will affect the viability of such investments. This may adversely impact the country’s image as an attractive investment destination. It is heartening to note that all States have agreed in principle to honour all existing incentives under VAT SIAM suggests the following: Incentive| SIAM Suggestion| Input Tax Exemption| Refund Input Tax separately – adopt Maharashtra model| Output Tax Exemption| Continue exemption, Option to Defer output tax| Output Tax Deferral| Continue Deferment, refund input tax separately| Input Tax Exemption ;amp; Output Tax Exemption| Refund Input Tax separately,Option to Defer output tax| Input Tax Exemption ;amp; Output Tax Deferral| Refund Input Tax separately,Option to Defer output tax| Table 5-Tax Structure in Automobile Industry 6. Refunds Due to various reasons there is no alternative but to seek refund from the Government in case of excess credit. Given the state of finances, refunds will be difficult and uncertain while locking up working capital for industry. Refunds should be honoured within 15 days from the date of filing returns and credited to the assessee’s account. Alternatively, VAT Entitlement Certificate on the lines of freely tradable DEPB may be considered Recent Mergers amp; Acquisitions 1. Merger of Ashok Leyland and IVECO,Italy 2. Merger of Eicher and Mitsubishi,Japan 3. Merger of Mamp;M and Nissan Motor Company,Japan 4. Merger of Swaraj Mazda and Mazda Motor Company,Japan Industry SWOT Strengths: Automobile industry is an established and an evergreen industry. * India is the strongest player in the small car segment of the global automobile market. * Indian companies are the best cost innovators. * The automotive industry has long been known for its development and promulgation of the assembly-line. * Some of the greatest developments in the automotive supply chain lie in the development of Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory methods. * Through the use of advanced technologies, assembly line manufacturing, and JIT inventory management, the automotive industry has been able to achieve significant gains in productivity Weaknesses: * India is lacking in proper infrastructure. * This is slowing the pace of growth of auto industry. * Companies are not improving after sale services. Opportunities: * The automotive ecosystem is in the midst of significant change, with increasing challenges in consumer demands, technology development, and globalization. * While demand for incumbent technologies will remain strong, alternative power trains could capture more than 20 percent of the global market by 2020, depending upon boundary conditions such as fuel taxation and emissions regulation set by governments as well as oil price development. Storage is in the heart of the next generation of efforts for fuel economy. * More realistic scenario will emerge for technologies using Hydrogen as automotive fuel. * Intelligent use of NCES (Non conventional energy sources) for powering Public Transport. Threats: * Global Crisis * Companies not focussing on Ramp;D are under great risk * High competition from foreign playe rs * Lack of technology for Indian companies Market forecast with Macroeconomic assumptions Investments in future: The market is so large and diverse that a large number of players can be absorbed to accommodate buyer needs. The sector not only has global players looking to invest and expand but leading domestic companies are also pumping in huge sums into expanding operation. Some of the investments made by various companies or organisations are as follows: * Investment Planning Commission has set target of attracting foreign investment worth US$5 billion for the next five years (in automobile industry). * Rasandik Motors, a group company of Rasandik Engineering Industries India plans to set up a three-wheelers unit at Nanjangud in Mysore district of Karnataka. Work on the project was expected to commence by July 2010. An Indian automotive site called wheelsunplugged. com suggests that Daimler is planning to invest US$700 million-$1 billion to increase the capacity of its planned truck assembly plant at the SIPCOT Industrial Park in Oragadam, near Chennai in Tamil Nadu. An initial capacity of 70,000 units a year is planned from a 1,000-acre site. * Mercedes-Benz plans to invest e700 million to increase the production capacity of its trucks in its manufacturing plant in Chennai. While the infrastructure is expected to address future expansion plans of the company, details of the time frame of investment were not disclosed. The German car maker is also on course to increase its headcount three-fold at its Ramp;D centre in Bangalore by next year and will invest close to Rs. 450 crore on infrastructure and people-related costs. * Bharat Forge invested US$ 135 million in its Pune plant for increasing capacity to 240,000 tonnes. * Amtek Auto is expanding capacity of its casting unit to 70,000 tonnes per annum. * Rico Auto is investing Rs 350 million to expand its capacity. * Apollo Tyres plans to invest US$469. 58m to increase production capacity in India and abroad. * Robert Bosch of Germany will invest U$201. 0 million in its subsidiaries over the next two years. * Ceat has inaugurated the Radial tyre greenfield project in Gujarat with an investment of Rs 7,000 million, which will create employment opportunities for 1,000 people. Demand forecast: Before looking at the forecast demand of automobiles, specially, commercial vehicles, let us look at the demand forecasting process used in automobile industry I n forecasting the demand, we have used various statistical methods considering all the relevant demand drivers for each segment. Then, models were prepared considering an exhaustive list of variables such as: Macro-economic variables-GDP components, industrial production, inflation, interest rates, stock indices -Sector variables- model launches, vehicle price, inter-segment competition -Enablers/barriers- Finance availability, road connectivity Forecasts for 2010-11 Automobile Segments| 2010-2011 growth over 2009-10(%)| Passenger Cars| 12-13| Utility Vehicles| 13-14| Commercial vehicles(goods)| 19-20| ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 —————————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 2 ———————————————— 3 ————————————————- Enter key points: ————————————————- 1 ————————————————- 2 ————————————————- 3 Commercial vehicles(buses)| 4-5| Two wheelers| 9-10| Three wheelers(goods)| 5-6| Three wheelers(passengers)| 8-9| Table 6-Demand Forecast for 2010-11 Some of the key forecasts made with respect to growth of commercial vehice industry are: †¢ Expected demand in Passenger segment to grow at 6% CAGR in volume terms over the period FY05-FY10. Goods segment to show 4. 6% CAGR over the same period. †¢ Light Commercial Vehicles to grow at a rate of 20% YOY. †¢ Heavy Commercial vehicles to grow at a rate of 12% YOY. PEST Analysis Economic Scenario The fortunes of the CV industry are closely related to the general economic conditions prevailing in a country. The demand for transportation is directly proportional to the growth of the economy, mobility of population, and other related factors. In nearly all countries, a close connection between growth in transport, goods traffic and economic growth can be observed. The effects are two-fold: * Increasing economic development causes more traffic. Increasing amounts of goods, greater transportation distances, enhanced division of labour (globalisation), new production technologies (e. g. just-in-time production), higher levels of commuter traffic, and an increase in business travel are producing a growth in goods transport and production-related passenger transport. The increase in the prosperity of private households, together with the reduction in the working week and the working life, produce an increase in holiday and leisure transport. The mobility of people and goods is a precondition for greater productivity and economic growth. The latter result from enhanced division of labour, faster structural change, the exploitation of new raw and other materials and greater competitiveness in international trade. POLITICAL SCENARIO: The government has taken many initiatives to promote foreign direct investment (FDI) in the industry; a few of them are given below: * Automatic approval for foreign equity investment up to 100 per cent of manufacture of automobiles and components is permitted. * The automobile industry has been delicensed. There are no restraints on import of components. Besides the above mentioned initiatives, the government has envisaged the Automotive Mission Plan 2016 to promote growth in the sector. It targets: * Emerging as the global favourite in the area of design and manufacture of automobiles and auto components. * Taking the output to US$ 145 billion, accounting for more than 10 per cent of the GDP. * Offering additional employment to 25 million people by 2016. ? TECHNOLOGICAL SCENARIO: Road Infrastructure Development 52000 + Kms Road development project taken up under NHAI * 5851 Kms of Golden Quadrilateral (93% completed) 7300 Kms of NSEW corridor (Phase Iamp;II) –(11% completed) – Target Date – Dec’09 * 380 Kms of Port Connectivity (29% completed) – Target Date †“ Dec’12 * 46000 KM Length of Road Development- US $ 27Bn Project in progress – Completion by Dec’12 Port Infrastructure Development * Port Infrastructure upgradation projects ~ US $ 16 Bn. in progress * Upgradation of major ports through private sector involvement (13 projects are operational and 4 under implementation) * Development of container terminals (in 6 ports of total 15 million TEUs capacity) – Target Date – 2013-14 * Projects worth US$ 13. 3 billion proposed under National Maritime Development Programme (NMDP) –Target Date – 2013-14 * Additional port handling capacity of 530 MMTA in major ports Annexure List of Industry Associations The automobile industry like any other industry has a number of associations to look after its interests. They provide a greater bargaining power to the industry and act as a source of bridge between the industry and the government. They help in formulating laws for the industry and help in g etting technology from abroad. These associations enable the industry to lobby hard to get extra incentives in the Union budget in the form of reduced import duties etc. They also act as data banks and provide insightful researches into the industry and they also regularly conduct auto fairs and exhibitions. Some of the major automobile Manufacturers Association along with a brief description of their profiles is as follows: Society of Indian automobile Manufacturers ( SIAM)-This is the apex body of the automobile industry in the country representing nearly thirty eight vehicle and vehicular engine manufacturers in the country. It is an important channel of communication between with the Government and other national and international organizations. It works with all quarters of the industry and helps in formulating policies for the automobile industry. It also enhances communication between all the stake holders of the industry and helps in technological up gradation though collaboration with foreign players. For more details of the organization log on to http://www. siamIndia. com/ The Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA)-This organization is the nodal agency for all the automobile component manufacturers in the country. They have nearly 500 hundred members and their supply form the majority of the components in the organized sector. Like SIAM, this association also helps in dissemination of information about the industry, enhances trade promotion, technological up gradation and quality enhancement thus playing an important role in the development of the industry. It also sends delegation to foreign countries and participates in international trade fairs and regularly publishes data about the sector. More information about the organization can be sought from http://www. acmainfo. om/ Federation of automobile Dealers Association (FADA)-This association is the apex body of automobile dealers in India and it was established in 1964 to promote and protect the interests of the retail automobile market in the country. The four founder members of FADA which have played a key role in the formation of the association are as follows: †¢The automobile Dealers Association of Maharashtra, Mumbai †¢Motor Industries Association, Kolkata †¢Automobile Traders Association, Delhi †¢Motor Vehicles and Allied Industries Association , Chennai Click http://www. adaweb. com/ for more details. Motor and Equipments Manufacturers Association (MEMA)-This association as the name suggests represents the interest of the automobile equipment manufacturers by making the companies associated with this trade more profitable and efficient. It provides useful information about the industry, valuable market research, government representation and other valuable commercial services. The body was established in 1904 and since then they have provided valuable service to the light motor vehicle and the heavy industries. To know more click http://www. mema. org/index. php List of graphs and tables * Table 1-Market Share of Different Players in Automobile Sector * Table 2-Automobile Production Trends * Table 3-Automobile Domestic Sales Trends * Table 4-Automobile Exports Trends * Table 5-Tax Structure in the Automobile Industry * Table 6-Demand forecast for 2010-11 * Figure 1-Monthly Domestic Sales of Commercial Vehicles * Figure 2-Monthly Exports of Commercial Vehicles * Figure 3-Regulatory Framework of Automobile Industry How to cite Commercial Vehicle Market in India, Papers

Significance of Organizational Change-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What is Organizational Change? 2.Discuss why it is necessary for Contemporary Organizations to appreciate the scale and scope of the change they are facing. 3.Discuss some reasons why some change programs in Organizations fail, or under-achieve, on the intended goals and then illustrate with a case example. 4.Why some change programs in Organizations fail, or under-achieve, on the intended goals, and then illustrate with a (different) case example. Answers: 1.Organizational change is pre defined as a continuous improvement which can inculcate the changes as a normal state. Process changes which can bring consistency deliver excellence. It is a framework within which effect of the new business or a process change along with the inclusion of the changes due to the culture or due to organization structure. The business continuity stability are all dependent upon the organization experience which happens due to the changes based on the experimentation. As defined that the organization society are dependent on the nature of the change process which streamlines the process or the operational business (Burr, 2015). The trigger of changes is an inclusion of the external internal drivers, factors to the organization. The external changes such as globalization, technologies internal changes include competitive advantage weigh it up improve the products/services life cycle. Objectivism the social constructionism which influence the organiza tion change resistance towards it Organizational changes can be based upon incremental changes that might or might not be visible to note the other are the transformational changes which can be deliberate drastic changes. OD occurs when the organization introduces changes by inculcating the planned approaches (Reissner, 2011). 2.It is imperative for the organizational to begin the process of the change management, by appreciating the scale and scope of the change as faced by the contemporary organizations. There are series of triggers of change, which persists the organization needs to change. As contemporary organization needs to weigh the consequences the repercussion effects before channelising the changes hence they need to measure the scale scope of the changes (Sheehan, 2009). There are triggers which can cause perpetual changes to happen which can affect include the factors, drivers of external and/or internal within the organization. It has been observed that the contemporary organizations will show the signs of the similarities and differences while inculcating the changes (Neely, 2011). There are series of similarities which can prevail while thinking in line of the external factors which require being addressed, such as globalization, due to which the organization can thrive/fall when penetrating into the new domain. Apart from this, the implications while foreseeing the competitive advantage also hold an impact such as the inclusion of the changes in technology if it is on account of the product/service life cycles, along with it the demands of customers or clients which can impact the public and private organization. It is purely dependent upon the organization adaptability as they operate within a complex and fragmented environment. 3.The changes on account of the monologic which involves blending of communication from top to bottom dialogic communication which includes multiple viewpoints while enabling changes can have a problematic failures while implementation (Mitchell, 2013). For example when the Windows company is aware of applying a process change of integration of the new software which will smoothen the allocation communication with the client, but they failed to match the employees calibre by providing them sufficient knowledge, skill-set to use it, along with the technical expertise training which lead to low or no understanding among the staff to use it effectively efficiently which resulted in under achieved goals (Hopkins, 2007). The changes which emphasize Me factor as seen in the Cartesian objective while in the rational responsive which emphasize on the social constructivism can have its own series of repercussion effects. If the organization changes due to the Cartesian objective it will lead to failures as the objectivity of integrating mixing the process excellence with the people ability will not be seen. While changes occurring due to the social constructivism, it will enable the blending of changes well with the process with the organization as changes are perceived from the people eyes. The perception of changes if Windows management would have seen through social construction it would have enabled an effective change, as management just focused on the implementation through their own perceived notion it resulted in failure while implementing changes. 4.Lack of acceptance, cultural hindrances in acceptance, cynicism or fear, lack of practical skills, applied knowledge, hidden conflicts which undermine the efforts, unwritten rules which cause deviation in the plans (Chaharbaghi, 2009). The change program is organization design changes, mergers, new product launch, lean transformation or application of the new IT system which can lead to failures to sustain, to lead to the launch stuck in diagnostics, managers accountable for performance, a resistance of employees while foreseeing the changes finally failure to scale. Apart from this, it has also been known that due to the inadequate resources budget, management behavior employees resistance towards the implemented change in process or programs can lead to failure rate. Example when the Tata Sky launched the new product of the digital TV set up box it lacked the technology expertise as the management perceived it through the Cartesian approach while the employees tried to decode the product through the constructing change (Buhalis, 2002). Hence there was a failure of the role of the language which resulted in the failure of the launch of the new product as it was visualized from the management point while it lacked understanding among the employees, the same skills set, technical know. References Buhalis, D., Licata, M. C. (2002). The future tourism intermediaries. Tourism management,23(3), 207-220. Burr, V. (2015). In Social constructionism (2nd Ed., pp. 1-12.) London, Routledge Chaharbaghi, K., Lynch, R. (2009). Sustainable competitive advantage: towards a dynamic resource-based strategy.Management Decision,37(1), 45-50. Hopkins, A. (2007). The problem of defining high-reliability organizations. National Research Center for Occupational Safety and Health Regulation. January. Al-Jabri, H. J. (2017).TV simultaneous interpreting of emotive overtones in Arabic presidential political speeches into English during the Arab Spring(Doctoral dissertation, University of Surrey).Mitchell, G. (2013). Selecting the best theory to manage planned change. Nursing Management, 20, 32-27. Neely, A., Bourne, M. (2011). Why measurement initiatives fail.Measuring business excellence,4(4), 3-7. Reissner, S. (2011). Patterns of stories of organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 24, 593-609 Sheehan, M. (2009). Workplace bullying: Responding with some emotional intelligence.International journal of manpower,20(1/2), 57-69

To Kill a Mockingbird Newspaper Article free essay sample

Big Scandal By: Jessica Morash Above shows defence Atticus Finch and Tom Robinson Under the authority of Judge Taylor in the small town of Maycomb County, a black man named Tom Robinson (age twenty-five) was allegedly accused of raping Mayella Ewell (age nineteen). The events being told had originally happened according to defense Atticus Finch, when we heard him ask the alleged accused, â€Å"Tom, what had happened to you on the night of November twenty-first of last year? † One of the first witnesses is called to the stand by Mr. Gilmer to testify on what happened the night Miss Ewell stated that she was raped. The first witness was Heck Tate, Maycomb’s sheriff. According to his testimony, Mr. Tate stated that he was just leaving to go home when, â€Å"Mr. Ewell (Mayella’s father) came in, very excited he was, and said get out to his house quick, [a black man] raped his girl. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Newspaper Article or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † In return, Mr. Tate was asked if he had indeed gone to Mr. Ewell’s house, and he had given his response, â€Å"Certainly. Got in the car and went out as fast as I could. † It was reported that Mr. Tate had seen Miss Ewell lying in the middle of the floor and was â€Å"pretty well beat up,† Mr. Tate then continued, â€Å"I asked her who hurt her and she said it was Tom Robinson – asked her if he beat her like that, she said yes he had. Asked her if he took advantage of her and she said yes he did. So I went down to Robinson’s house and brought him back. She identified him as the one, so I took him in. That’s all there was to it,† he finished, and the Judge proceeded by asking if Atticus Finch would like to ask any questions to Mr. Tate, and responded yes. Mr. Finch, seeming very relaxed with his legs crossed and arm on the back of his chair asked, â€Å"Did you call a doctor, Sheriff? Did anybody call a doctor? In response Mr. Tate stated that no, he did not call a doctor. However, Mr. Finch wanted to make it clear to everyone in the room; he repeated himself twice more and in reaction to doing this, he responded with, â€Å"I just wanted to make sure, Judge. † Afterward, we’ve learned that Miss Ewell had gotten many bruises, as we ll as around the neck and had a black eye on her right side. Shortly after, we heard the name, â€Å"Robert E. Lee Ewell! † to be called to the stand. The man was very small, meek he was. Mr. Ewell started off by saying his first words as, â€Å"That’s m’name, cap’n,† and you could see Mr. Gilmer’s back stiffen as he spoke. Mr. Ewell was then asked if he was the father of Mayella Ewell to which he retorted, â€Å"Well if I ain’t I can’t do nothing about it now, her ma’s dead. † Judge Taylor stirred, re-asked the question, then Mr. Ewell came back with his words and said, â€Å"Yes, sir. † Mr. Gilmer then proceeded to ask Mr. Ewell what had happened in his own words. He started, â€Å"Well, the night of November twenty-one I was comin’ in from the woods with a load o’kindlin and just as I got to the fence I heard Mayella screamin’ like a stuck hog inside the house. † As Mr. Gilmer interrupted, he asked what time of the day it was, and to his response he continued, â€Å"Just ‘fore sundown. Well I was sayin’ Mayella was screamin’ fit to beat Jesus, so I dropped m’load and run as fast as I could up to th’ window and I seen-â€Å" His face grew scarlet red, and he pointed his finger to Mr. Tom Robinson. Continuing, â€Å"[†¦] I run for Tate quick as I could. I [knew] who it was, all right, lived down yonder [for fifteen years]. † Seeming hurried, Mr. Gilmer ended his session giving a quick, â€Å"Thank you, Mr. Ewell,† and returned to his seat. Shortly after Mr. Finch had risen as well as Mr. Ewell and both men ran right into each other, resulting a laughing court room. From this action, Mr. Finch asked if he could ask a few questions to Mr. Ewell. Atticus first asked if Mr. Ewell had ran to a doctor, this giving no surprise considered he already asked it three times before to Mr. Tate. In reply to Atticus, Mr. Ewell spoke, â€Å"[Wasn’t any] need to. I seen what happened. † Mr. Ewell also said that he agreed to everything Mr. Heck Tate said. Sure after this, Mr. Finch asked if Mr. Ewell could read or write, to which gave a small dispute with Mr. Gilmer because he didn’t think his literacy would have effect of the case. However Atticus overruled this by making sure to prove his point in the next question, which was following after Mr. Ewell responded with, â€Å"I most positively can. † So Mr. Finch gave Mr. Ewell a piece of paper and asked him to write his name and show everyone (just to prove he actually could read and write). It was seen that Mr. Ewell was left-handed, but he had no clue how this had effect, either. Atticus finally dismissed him. The third witness was called to the stand, we see that it was Mayella Violet Ewell. Judge Taylor started by saying, â€Å"Just tell us what happened. You can do that, can’t you? † This issues Mayella to burst out crying, covering her mouth. After a few minutes passed and Judge Taylor had calmed her down, Mr. Gilmer took over once again to ask questions. Miss Ewell then began by saying how she was on her front porch that evening while Mr. Robinson was walking by. She had asked him to chop up an old chiffarobe for kindling. â€Å"I said come here, [†¦] and bust up this old chiffarobe for me, I gotta nickel for you. He coulda done it easy enough, he could. So he come in the yard an’ I went in the house to get him the nickel and I turned around an ‘fore I knew it he was on me. Just run up behind me, he did. He got me round the neck, [cursing and saying fowl things] – I fought ‘n’ hollered, but he had me round the neck. He hit me again an’ again. † Mayella then finished with, â€Å"He done what he was after. † A while after Atticus had begun; he had asked Miss Ewell if her father had ever beaten her. In reply, â€Å"My [father] never touched a hair o’ my head in my life [†¦]. He never touched me. † Atticus then wanted to clarify that the man was Tom Robinson. He asked him to stand, and it revealed that Mr. Robinson’s left arm was shorter than his right which ended in a small shriveled hand that just hung by his side. Mr. Robinson supposedly had his arm caught in a cotton gin when he was a boy and it tore all of his muscles loose from his bones. Exposing this to the crowd, Atticus then asked, â€Å"Is this the man that raped you? † Confirmed that it was by Miss Mayella, Atticus’s next question was one word long: â€Å"How? † Miss Mayella was stuttering her answer revealing that it â€Å"all happened so fast,† and â€Å"I don’t know how he done it, he just did. By her saying this, Atticus replies back, â€Å"Now, Miss Mayella, you’ve testified that the defendant choked and beat you – you didn’t say that he sneaked up behind you and knocked you cold, but you turned around and there he was – do you wish to reconsider any of your testimony? † Regarding this, Miss May ella stood firm and didn’t change a thing. This is when Atticus asked one last time if she wanted to be open and tell us what happened. However, she wasn’t too impressed by Atticus’s invitation and yelled, â€Å"I got somethin’ to say an’ then I ain’t gonna say no more. That [man] yonder took advantage of me an’ If you fine fancy gentlemen don’t wanta do nothing about it then you’re all yellow stinkin’ cowards, stinkin’ cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs don’t come to nothin’ – your ma’amin’ and Miss Mayellaerin’ don’t come to nothin’ Mr. Finch! † and she burst out crying once again. The last witness left was called by Atticus. Tom Robinson sat down and Atticus started the questioning. He then asked Tom’s point of view of November twenty-first. He spoke clear, â€Å"Mr. Finch, I was going home as usual hat evenin’, and when I passed the Ewell place Miss Mayella were on the porch, like she said she were. It seemed real quiet like, an’ I didn’t quite know why. I was studyin’ why, just passin’ by, when she says for me to come there and help her a minute. Well, I went inside the fence and looked around for som e kindling to work on, but I didn’t see none, and she says, ‘No, I got something for you to do in the house. The old door’s off its hinges and falls coming on pretty fast. ’ I said you got a screwdriver, Miss Mayella? She said yes. [†¦]. I pulled it back and forth and those hinges was all right. Then she shut the door in my face. Mr. Finch, I was wondering why it was so quiet like, and it come to me that there weren’t a child on the place, not one of them, and I said Miss Mayella, where are the children? † She replied that they had gone to get ice cream. Then he continued, â€Å"Well, I said I best be goin’, I couldn’t do nothing for her, and she says oh yes I could, and I ask her what, and she says to just step on that chair yonder and get that box down from the top of the chiffarobe. Next thing I know, she grabbed me around the legs, and it scared me so bad. Tom continued and said that after he had gotten off the chair, she jumped on him, in a hugging manner, followed by Miss Mayella kissing Mr. Tom Robinson. He then stated that he had not raped Mayella Ewell, or had harmed her in any way. The final summation of the trial began with going over evidence. Judge Taylor was saying, â€Å"The absence of any corroborative evidence, this man was indic ted on a capital charge and is now on trial for his life. † About five minutes later Mr. Finch rises to the jury to begin his speech for defence of Tom Robinson. Following is the conclusion of the speech: â€Å"I’m no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and in the jury system – that is no ideal to me, it is a living, working reality. Gentlemen, a court is no better than each man of you sitting before me on this jury. A court is only as sounds as its jury, and a jury is only as sounds as the men who make it up. I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty. †